James A Estes Research Wildlife Biologist USGS ,   Phone: (831) 459-2820 Fax: (831) 459-2249 Email: jim_estes@usgs.gov

Jim is an international expert on sea otters and a specialist in the critical role of apex (top level) predators in the marine environment. He has been a research biologist at the Western Ecological Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey for more than 20 years. Jim also holds academic posts as research associate and adjunct professor with the Biology Department, Environmental Studies Department, and Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Jim’s interest in predation as an ecosystem-level process began in the early 1970s, shortly after he began working with sea otters. Using the otters' fragmented distribution across the Aleutian archipelago, which resulted from a history of near-extinction and recovery, he discovered the species' keystone role in kelp forests by contrasting islands where it was abundant or rare. This work provides one of the better-known examples of how apex predators influence ecosystem function. These early findings led Jim to explore the spatial, temporal, and functional dimensions of sea otter-kelp forest interactions over the next 30 years. Jim's most recent research addresses the unanticipated collapse of sea otters and kelp forests in western Alaska. He is currently involved with studies designed to better understand the vexing problem of decline in the threatened California sea otter.

SCIENTIFIC EXPERTISE Biogeography Community ecology Contaminants Ecological monitoring Evolution Fisheries management Invertebrate ecology Mammalogy Marine mammal ecology Natural history Nearshore marine ecology Physiological ecology Population biology Species interactions Species/Population management Statistical analysis Threatened and endangered species

EDUCATION Ph.D. 1974, Biological Sciences/Statistics, University of Arizona M.S. 1969, Zoology, Washington State University B.A. 1967, Zoology, University of Minnesota

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES American Association for the Advancement of Science California Academy of Sciences Ecological Society of America Society for Conservation Biology

SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEES Standing Committee on Marine Mammals, American Society of Mammalogists, 1978-1982, co-chairman, 1979-1982. Steering/Planning Committee, Marine Mammal Subgroup, US/USSR Program for Conservation of the Environment, 1976-1979. Otter Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 1977-present, Deputy Chairman, 1981. Pacific Rim development committee. Served with 5 other faculty at University of California, Santa Cruz on committee to develop a proposal for research, educational exchange, and other activities having to do with Pacific rim countries. Program was initiated by the President of the University of California, in anticipation of a shifting world economy from industrial Europe to the Pacific rim, 1985-1986. International Asian Otter Symposium. Organized preparation of manuscripts and served as editor for the published proceedings, 1988. Member Recovery Team, Southern Sea Otter, 1989-present Workshop on Linking Species and Ecosystems, Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York. Provided invited poster contribution and written manuscript for the workshop proceedings, 1993. Board of Editors, Ecological Society of America, 1993-95 Strategic Planning Workshop for National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. Drafted materials for section of Strategic Plan on Rewarding Scientific Performance, 1995. Science Workshop for the Wildlands Project. Tucson, Arizona. November 1997. Invited participant. Contributed ideas and written narrative to chapters of a book that will be published, edited by M. Soule and J. Terborg, 1997. Board of Editors, Zoological Society of London, Animal Conservation, 1997-present Vision Workshop for research on ocean ecology. Hosted by National Science Foundation. Invited participant and white paper author, 1998. Member PEW Fellow, Marine Conservation, 1999-present Science Advisory Committee, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, National Science Foundation, 1999-present Board of Editors, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2000-present National Research Council, Relationships between fisheries and Steller sea lions, 2001-2002.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE Supervisory Zoologist, California Science Center, National Biological Service, Santa Cruz, California, Jan 1984-present Wildlife Biologist (Research), Marine Mammal Section, National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, FWS, Santa Cruz, CA, Aug 1978-Jul 1981 Wildlife Biologist (Research), Marine Mammal Section, National Fish and Wildlife Laboratory, FWS, Anchorage, AK, Jun 1974-Aug 1978

PRODUCTS Estes, J.A., Brian B. Hatfield, K. Ralls, and J. Ames. In Press. Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline. Marine Mammal Science. [Journal Article] Bowen, W.D., A.J. Read, and J.A. Estes. In press. Feeding Ecology. In. R. Hoelzel (ed.). Marine Mammal Biology: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Scientific [Book Chapter] Peterson, C.H. and J.A. Estes. In press. Conservation and management of marine communities. In. M. Bertness, S. Gaines, and M. Hay (eds.). Marine Community Ecology. Sinauer Press. [Book Chapter] Estes, J. A., K. Crooks, and R. Holt. In press. Predation and biodiversity. In S.A. Levin and J. Lubchenco (eds.). Encyclopedia of Biodiversity. Academic Press. [Book Chapter] Estes, J.A. and J. L. Bodkin. In press. Marine Otters. In B. Wursig and W. Perrin (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press [Book Chapter] Carr, M., J. Neigel, S. Andelman, J. Estes, R. Warner, J. Largier, and J. Lubchenco. In Press. Comparing marine and terrestrial ecosystems: implications for principles of reserve design in marine systems. Ecological Applications. [Journal Article] Doroff, A.M., J. A. Estes, M. T. Tinker, D. M. Burn, and T. J. Evans. In Press. Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago. Journal of Mammalogy. [Journal Article] Konar, B., and J.A. Estes. In press. The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas. Ecology. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., M. L. Riedman, M.M. Staedler, and M.T. Tinker. In press. Individual variation in prey selection by sea otters: patterns, causes, and implications. J. Animal Ecology. [Journal Article] Miller, M. A., I. A. Gardner, A. Packham, J. K. Mazet, K. D. Hanni, D. Jessup, J.A. Estes, R. Jameson, E. Dodd, B. C. Barr, L. J. Lowenstine, F. M. Gulland and P. A. Conrad. In press. Evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) for demonstration of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris). Journal of Parasitology. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., D.R. Lindberg, and C. Wray. 2005. Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications. Paleobiology 31(4): 591-606. [Journal Article] Soule, M.E., J.A. Estes, B. Miller, and D.L. Honnold. 2005. Strongly interacting species: conservation policy, management, and ethics. Bioscience 55(2): 168-176. [Journal Article] Donlan, C.J., H.W. Greene, J. Berger, C.E. Bock, J.H. Bock, D.A. Burney, J.A. Estes et al. 2005. Rewilding North America. Nature 436: 1-2. [Journal Article] Gerber, L.R., M.T. Tinker, D.F. Doak, J.A. Estes, and D.A. Jessup. 2004. Mortality sensitivity in life-stage simulation analysis: a case study of southern sea otters. Ecological Applications 14(5): 1554-1565. [Journal Article] Anthony, R.G., M. A. Ricca, A. K. Miles., J. A. Estes, and F. B. Isaacs. September 2004. Bald eagle food habits relative to the sea otter decline in the Aleutian Archipelago, AK. 11th Annual Conference of the Wildlife Society, Calgary, Alberta. [Presentation] Estes, J.A. 2002. Then and Now. Pp. 60-71 In, R. L. Knight and S. Riedel, eds., Aldo Leopold and the Ecological Conscience. Oxford University Press [Book Chapter] Estes, J.A., R.G. Anthony, W.M. Jarman, A.K. Miles, J.R. Bodkin, and M.A. Ricca. 2002. Report on field activities at Adak and the western Aleutians, 2002. Annual report prepared for the U.S. Navy. 28pp. [Technical Report] Estes, J. A. and M. J. Paddack. 2002. No-take marine reserves in central California kelp forests: metrics of human take or the tip of the iceberg? Report to Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. [Technical Report] Gelatt, T.S., D.B. Siniff, and J.A. Estes. 2002. Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska, Journal of Wildlife Management 66:29-39. [Journal Article] Jackson, J.B.C., M.X. Kirby, W.H. Berger, K.A.Bjorndal, L.W.Botsford, B.J. Bourque, R. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J.A. Estes, T.P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C.B. Lange, H.S. Lenihan, J. M. Pandolfi, C.H. Peterson, R. S. Steneck, M.J. Tegner, and R. Warner. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638. [Journal Article] Schroeder, S.C., D.C. Reed, D.J. Kushner, J.A. Estes, and D.S. Ono. 2001. The use of marine reserves in evaluating the dive fishery for the warty sea cucumber, Parastichopus parvimensis in California, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58:1771-1781. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., R.G. Anthony, W.M. Jarman, A.K. Miles, J.R. Bodkin, and M.A. Ricca. 2001. Report on field activities at Adak and the western Aleutians, 2001. Annual report prepared for the U.S. Navy. 26pp. [Technical Report] Watt, J., D.B. Siniff, and J.A. Estes. 2000. Interdecadal change in diet and population of sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska. Oecologia 124:289-298. [Journal Article] Kenner, Michael C. and James A. Estes. 2000. Demography of giant kelp populations at San Nicolas Island, California. Fifth International Temperate Reef Symposium, Cape Town, South Africa. [poster] [Poster] Paddack, M., and J.A. Estes. 2000. Comparison of kelp forest fish populations inside and outside of marine reserves in central California. Ecological Applications 10:855-870. [Journal Article] Estes. J.A. and C.H. Peterson. Marine ecological research in seashore and seafloor systems: accomplishments and future directions. Marine Ecology Progress Series 195:281-289. [Journal Article] Monson, D., J.A. Estes, D.B. Siniff, and J.B. Bodkin. 2000. Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters. Oikos 90:457-468. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1999. Enhydra lutris. (in, D.E. Wilson, ed.) The complete book of North American Mammals. [Book Chapter] Terborgh, J., J.A. Estes, P. Paquet, K. Ralls, D. Boyd-Herger, B.J. Miller, and R.F. Noss. 1999. The role of top carnivores in regulating terrestrial ecosystems. Pp. 39-64 in, M. E. Soulé and J. Terborgh, eds., Continental Conservation, Island Press, Washington, D.C. [Book Chapter] Estes, J.A. 1999. Reply to Garshelis and Johnson. Science 283:177. [Journal Article] Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, J.A. Estes, M. Simon, and R.J. Norstrom. 1999. Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:452-458. [Journal Article] Williams, T. M., D. Noren, P. Berry, J.A. Estes, C. Allison, and J. Kirtland. 1999. The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). III. Thermoregulation at depth. The Journal of Experimental Biology 202:2763-2769. [Journal Article] Miller, B., K. Ralls, R.P. Reading, J.M. Scott, and J.A. Estes. 1999. Biological and technical considerations of carnivore translocation: a review. Animal Conservation 2 (1): 59-68. [Journal Article] Scott, J.M., E.A. Norse, H. Arita., A. Dobson, J.A. Estes, M. Foster, B. Gilbert, D.B. Jensen, R.L. Knight, D. Mattson, and M.E. Soulé. 1999.The issue of scale in selecting and designing biological reserves. Pp. 19-38 in, M. E. Soulé and J. Terborgh, eds., Continental Conservation, Island Press, Washington, D.C. [Book Chapter] Dobson, A., K. Ralls, M. Foster, M.E. Soulé, D. Simberloff, D. Doak, J.A. Estes, L.S. Mills, D. Mattson, R. Dirzo, H. Arita, S. Ryan, E.A. Norse, R.F. Noss, and D. Johns. 1999. Connectivity: maintaining flows in fragmented landscapes. Pp. 129-170 in, M. E. Soulé and J. Terborgh, eds., Continental Conservation, Island Press, Washington, D.C. [Book Chapter] Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, J.A. Estes and F.B. Isaacs. 1999. Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 2054-2062. [Journal Article] Lindberg, D.R., J.A. Estes, and K.I. Warheit. 1998. Human influences on trophic cascades in a rocky intertidal community. Ecological Applications 8:880-890. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1998. Concerns about the rehabilitation of oiled wildlife. Conservation Biology 12:1156-1157. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., M.T. Tinker, T.M. Williams, and D.F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking coastal with oceanic ecosystems. Science 282:473-476. [Journal Article] Golet, G.H., D.B. Irons, and J.A. Estes. 1998. Survival costs of chick rearing in black-legged kittiwakes. J. Animal Ecology 61(5):827-841. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1997. Wild Otters--Predation and Populations. (Book Review). J. Wildl. Manage. 61:984-987. [Book Review] Estes, J.A., C.E. Bacon, W.M. Jarman, R.J. Nordstrom, R.G. Anthony, and A.K. Miles. 1997. Organochlorines in sea otters and bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34:486-490. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1996. The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: examples from sea otters and kelp forests. Pp.65-72 in S.P.R. Greenstreet and M.L. Tasker, eds., Aquatic Predators and their Prey. Fishing News Books, Oxford. [Book Chapter] Garshelis, D.L. and J.A. Estes. 1996. Sea otter mortality from the Exxon Valdez spill: evaluation of an estimate from boat-based surveys. Marine Mammal Science 13(2):341-351. [Journal Article] Ralls, K., D. DeMaster, and J.A. Estes. 1996. Developing delisting criteria for threatened and endangered species under the Endangered Species Act. Conservation Biology 10:1528-1537. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1996 Predators and ecosystem management. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 24:390-396. [Journal Article] Cronin, M.A., J. Bodkin, B. Bellachey, J.A. Estes, and J.C. Patton. 1996. Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (Enhydra lutris). J. Mammal. 77:546-557. [Journal Article] Power, M.E., D. Tilman, J.A. Estes, B.A. Menge, W.J. Bond, L.S. Mills, G. Daily, J.C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R.T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. Bioscience 46:609-620. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., D. F. Doak, J.R. Bodkin, R.J. Jameson, D. Monson, J. Watt, and M.T. Tinker. 1996. Comparative demography of sea otter populations. Endangered Species Update, Special Issue: Conservation and Management of the southern sea otter. vol. 13(12): 11-13. [Journal Article] Stern, J.L., A.E. Hagerman, P.D. Steinberg, F.C. Winter, and J.A. Estes. 1996. A new assay for quantifying brown algal phlorotannins and comparisons to previous methods. J. Chem. Ecol. 22:1273-1293. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A, and D.O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65:75-100. [Journal Article] McShane, L.J., J.A. Estes, M.L. Riedman, and M.M. Staedler. 1995. Repertoire, structure, and individual variation of vocalizations in the sea otter. J. Mammal. 76:414-427. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson, J.L. Bodkin, and D.R, Carlson. 1995. California sea otters. In Our Living Resources: A report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance and health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, Mammals. pp 110-112. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. [Book Chapter] Bodkin, J.L., R. J. Jameson, and J.A. Estes. 1995. Status and trends of sea otters in the northern Pacific Ocean. In Our Living Resources: A report to the Nation on the Distribution, Abundance and Health of U.S. Plants, Animals, and Ecosystems, Alaska. pp 353-356. National Biological Service, Washington, D.C. [Book Chapter] Estes, J.A. 1995. Top-level carnivores and ecosystem effects: questions and approaches. Pp.151-158 in C.G. Jones and J.H. Lawton (eds.). Linking Species and Ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York. [Proceedings] Power, M.E., D. Tilman, S.E. Carpenter, et al. 1995. The role of experiments in ecology. Science 270:561. [Journal Article] Steinberg, P.D., J.A. Estes, and F.C. Winter. 1995. Evolutionary consequences of food chain length in kelp forest communities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 92:8145-8148. [Journal Article] Rathbun, G.B., R.J. Jameson, J.A. Estes, G.R. VanBlaricom, and R.L. Brownell. 1994. Translocation of sea otters to San Nicolas Island - a retrospection. Abstract. Fourth California Islands Symposium: update on status of resources, 23-25 March 1994. Page 26. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA. 34 pp. [Abstract] Estes, J.A. 1994. Conservation of Marine Otters. Aquatic Mammals 20.3:125-128. [Journal Article] Riedman, M.L., J.A. Estes, M. Staedler, A. Giles, and D. Carlson. 1994. Breeding patterns and reproductive success of sea otters in California. J. Wildl. Manage. 58:391-399. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., G.B. Rathbun, and G.R. VanBlaricom. 1993. Paradigms for managing carnivores: the case of the sea otter. Symposia. Zoological Society of London 65:307-320. [Journal Article] Winter, F.C., and J.A. Estes. 1992. Experimental evidence for the effects of polyphenolic compounds from Dictyoneurum californicum (Phaeophyta; Laminariales) on feeding rate and growth in the red abalone (Haliotus rufescens). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 155:263-277. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1992. Status of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations. pp. 27-35 in C. Reuther and R. Rochert (eds.), Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium, Hankensbuttel. Habitat 6. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1992. Behavior, ecology, and life history of New World otters. pp. 107-117 in C. Reuther and R. Rochert (eds.), Proceedings of the V. International Otter Colloquium, Hankensbuttel. Habitat 6. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1991. Catastrophes and conservation: Lessons from sea otters and the Exxon Valdez. Science 254:1596. [Journal Article] Jameson, R. J. and J. A. Estes. 1991. Surveys of California sea otter population show positive growth trend. Fish and Wildlife Research Information Bulletin No. 91-99. 2 pp. [Newsletter] Jameson, R. J., J. A. Estes, and G. R. VanBlaricom. 1991. Growth in the California sea otter population. Proceedings of joint USSR/US sea otter meeting, Petropavlovak, USSR. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1990. Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations. J. Animal Ecol. 59:385-400. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1990. Action Plan for sea otters. Pp. 22-28 in P. Foster-Turley, S. Macdonald, and C. Mason (eds.). Otters. An Action Plan for their Conservation. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Ill. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1990. Assessment of sea otter population status: a reply. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:270-272. [Journal Article] Smith, D.R., S. Niemeyer, J.A. Estes, and A.R. Flegal. 1990. Stable lead isotopes evidence anthropogenic contamination in Alaskan sea otters. Environmental Science & Technology 24:1517-1521. [Journal Article] Riedman, M.L., and J.A. Estes. 1990. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris): behavior, ecology, and natural history. Biological Report 90(14), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 126pp. [Technical Report] Estes, J.A. 1989. Adaptations for aquatic living in carnivores. Pp. 242-282 in J.L. Gittleman (ed.). Carnivore behavior ecology and evolution. Cornell University Press. [Journal Article] Duggins, D.O., C.A. Simenstad, and J.A. Estes. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245:170-173. [Journal Article] Miller, K.A. and J.A. Estes. 1989. A western range extension for Nereocystis leutkeana in the North Pacific. Botanica Marina 32:535-538. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. and P.D. Steinberg. 1989 Response to Domning. Paleobiology 15:57-60. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., D.O. Duggins, and G.B. Rathbun. 1989. The ecology of extinctions in kelp forest communities. Conservation Biology 3:252-264. [Journal Article] Riedman, M., and J.A. Estes. 1988. Predation on sea birds by sea otters. Can. J. Zool. 66: 1396-1402. [Journal Article] Riedman, M., and J.A. Estes. 1988. A review of the history, distribution, and foraging ecology of sea otters. Pp. 4-21 in G.R. VanBlaricom and J.A. Estes (eds.). The community ecology of sea otters. Ecological Studies Vol. 65. Springer Verlag, New York. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and P.D. Steinberg. 1988. Predation, herbivory and kelp evolution. Paleobiology 14: 19-36. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and R.J. Jameson. 1988. A double survey estimate for sighting probability of sea otters in California. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 52: 70-76. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and G.R. VanBlaricom. 1988. Concluding Remarks. Pp. 210-218 in G.R. VanBlaricom and J.A. Estes (eds.). The community ecology of sea otters. Ecological Studies, Vol. 65. Springer Verlag, New York. (*) [Journal Article] Jameson, R. J. and J. A. Estes. 1988. Status of the sea otter population in California. Abstract. Annual meeting of the American Society of Mammalogists. Clemson, South Carolina [Abstract] Estes, J.A. and C. Harrold. 1988. Sea otters, sea urchins, and kelp beds: some questions of scale. Pp. 116-150 in G.R. VanBlaricom and J.A. Estes (eds.). The community ecology of sea otters. Ecological Studies Vol. 65. Springer Verlag, New York. [Journal Article] VanBlaricom, G.R., and J.A. Estes (eds.). 1988. The community ecology of sea otters. Ecological Studies Vol. 65. Springer Verlag, New York. [Book] Lindberg, D.R., K.I. Warheit, and J.A. Estes. 1987. Seasonal predation and prey preference by oystercatchers on limpets at San Nicolas Island, California, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 39:105-113. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and D.R. Lindberg. 1987. Some aspects of limpet ecology in rocky intertidal communities at San Nicolas Island. 4th Biennial Mugu Lagoon/San Nicolas Island Ecological Research Symposium, U.S. Navy, Pt. Mugu, California. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A., and C. Harrold. 1987. Spatial and temporal variation in kelp forest community structure at San Nicolas Island. 4th Biennial Mugu Lagoon/San Nicolas Island Ecological Research Symposium, U.S. Navy, Pt. Mugu, California. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1986. Dietary variation in sea otters. pp. 11-12 in C. Mason (ed.). Bull. No. 1. IUCN Otter Specialist Group. [Journal Article] Irons, D.B., R.G. Anthony, and J.A. Estes. 1986. Foraging strategies of Glaucous-winged Gulls in rocky intertidal communities. Ecology 67: 1460-1474. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., K.E. Underwood, and M.J. Karmann. 1986. Activity-time budgets of sea otters in California. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 50: 626-636. [Journal Article] VanBlaricom, G.R., and J.A. Estes. 1986. Demography of intertidal mussel populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska: effects of sea otters as mussel predators. Final Report, Grant 2883-84. Relationships of sea otters and mussels populations in Alaska. Nat. Geog. Society, Washington, D.C. [Technical Report] Estes, J.A. 1986. The natural history of otters, by P. Chanin. (Book Review) Am. Sci. 74: 300-301. [Book Review] Estes, J.A. 1986. Marine otters and their environment. Ambio 15: 181-183. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1986. Otters. Ecology and Conservation, by C.F. Mason and S.M. Macdonald. (Book Review) Science 223: 1333-1334. [Book Review] Estes, J.A., and G.R. VanBlaricom. 1985. Sea otters and shellfisheries. pp. 187-235 in R.H. Beverton, D. Lavigne, and J. Beddington (eds.). Conflicts between marine mammals and fisheries. Allen and Unwin, London. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and V. Gol'tsev. 1984. Abundance and distribution of the Pacific walrus: results of the first Soviet/American joint aerial survey, autumn 1975. pp. 67-76 in F.H. Fay and G.A. Fedoseev (eds.). Soviet-American cooperative research on marine mammals.Vol.1 - Pinnipeds. NOAA Tech. Rept. NMFS 12. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and D.R. Lindberg. 1984. Disturbance vs. competition: the influence of Pacific winter storms on intertidal community organizationn at San Nicolas Island, California. (Abstract). Ecological Soc. Bull. 65. [Abstract] Lindberg, D.R., J.A. Estes and K.I. Warheit. 1984. Intertidal community structure in central and southern California: the interaction between human disturbance, bird predation and limpet territoriality. Am. Malacol. Bull. 2:80. [Journal Article] Estes, J. A. and R. J. Jameson. 1983. Summary of available population information on California sea otters. U.S. Dept. of the Interior POCS Technical Paper 83-11. 29 pp. [Technical Report] Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson, and E.B. Rhode. 1982. Activity and prey selection in the sea otter: influence of population status on community structure. The American Naturalist 120(2):242-258. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1981. Las nutrias del mar, las pescas, y la organizacion del medioambiente marino al sur de Punta Concepcion, California. Proceedings of VI Reunion Sobre Mamiferos Marinos en Baja California, La Paz, B.C.S. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1981. Carnivorous mammals: the case of the sea otter. in P.A. Jewell and S. Holt (eds.). The Management of Locally Abundant Wild Mammals, Academic Press, New York. [Book Chapter] DeMaster, D.P., J.B. Faro, J.A. Estes, S.J. Taggart, and C. Zabel. 1981. Drug immobilization of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). Can. J. Fish .Aq. Sci. 38: 365-367. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson, and A.M. Johnson. 1981. Food selection and some foraging tactics of sea otters. pp. 606-641 in J.A. Chapman and D. Pursley (eds.). Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings, Univ. Maryland Press. [Proceedings] Estes, J.A. 1980. Enhydra lutris. Mammalian Species No. 137, pp. 108, 3 Figs. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1979. Exploitation of marine mammals: r-selection of K-strategists? Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 36:1209-1217. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., N.S. Smith, and J.F. Palmisano. 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in the western Aleutian Island, Alaska. Ecology 59: 822-833. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and J.R. Gilbert. 1978. Evaluation of an aerial survey of Pacific walruses. J. Fish Res. Board Can. 35: 1130-1140. [Journal Article] Estes, J. A., A. M. Johnson, and R. J. Jameson. 1978. Research on the sea otter in Alaska. Pp. 120-125 in Otters. Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of the Otter Specialists Group. Sponsored by the World Wildlife Fund (International) and organized with the permission of the Survival Services Commission, IUCN. Paramaribo, Suriname, 27-29 March 1977. Compiled and edited by Nicole Duplaix, Chairman. [Proceedings] Simenstad, C.A., J.A. Estes, and K.W. Kenyon. 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternate stable state communities. Science 200: 403-411. [Journal Article] Palmisano, J.F., and J.A. Estes. 1977. Ecological interactions involving the sea otter. pp. 527-567 in M.L. Merritt and R.G. Fuller (eds.). The Environment of Amchitka Island. USERDA, TID-26712, Springfield, Virginia. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1977. Population estimates and feeding behavior of sea otters, pp. 511-526 in M.L. Merritt and R.G. Fuller (eds.). The Environment of Amchitka Island. USERDA, TID-26712, Springfield, Virginia. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A. 1976. Reliability of aerial surveys to assess population abundance of marine mammals. Scientific Consultation on Marine Mammals, ACMRR, RAO, Bergen, Norway, 31 August - 9 September 1976. Abstract published. [Abstract] Palmisano, J.F., and J.A. Estes. 1976. Sea otters: pillars of the nearshore community. Natural History 85: 46-53. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and I.O. Buss. 1976. Microanatomical development and structure of the African elephant's temporal gland. Mammalia 40: 429-436. [Journal Article] Sherrod, S., J.A. Estes, and C.M. White. 1975. Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska. J. Mammal. 56: 701-703. [Journal Article] Morrison, P., M. Rosenman, and J.A. Estes. 1975. Metabolism and thermoregulation in the sea otter. Physiol. Zool. 47: 218-229. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and J.F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185: 1058-1060. [Journal Article] Estes, J.A., and N.S. Smith. 1973. Research on the sea otter at Amchitka Island. Final Report. USAEC Contract AT(26-1)-520. [Technical Report] Buss, I.O., and J.A. Estes. 1971. Functional significance of ear pinnae movements in the African elephant. J. Mammal. 52: 21-27. [Journal Article]