Nathan L. Stephenson

USGS Sequoia and Kings Canyon Field Station
47050 Generals Highway #4
Three Rivers, CA 93271-9651
Phone: (559) 565-3176
Fax: (559) 565-3177
Email: nstephenson@usgs.gov

Nate Stephenson’s roots in the Sierra Nevada go back five generations, and he has spent much of his life hiking and fishing in the mountains. Over the last two decades, much of his research has focussed on fire ecology, giant sequoia ecology, and restoration of forests that have been altered by prolonged fire exclusion. Nate's ongoing role as director of USGS's Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program complements his research interests in the climatic controls of forest dynamics and vegetation distribution. He is author of the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project chapter on the scientific basis for sequoia grove management.

• Biogeography
• Community ecology
• Environmental management
• Fire ecology
• Forest ecology
• Global change biology
• Global climate change
• Land management
• Landscape ecology
• Plant ecology
• Population biology
• Restoration ecology

• Ph.D., Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 1988
• B.S., Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 1979

• American Association for the Advancement of Science
• California Botanical Society
• California Native Plant Society
• Ecological Society of America
• International Association for Vegetation Science

• Research Ecologist, USGS, Western Ecological Science Center, 1996 - present
• Board of Directors, Sierra Nature Notes (non-profit educational organization), 2000 - present
• Station Leader, Sequoia-Kings Canyon Field Station, USGS, Western Ecological Science Center, 1996 -1998
• Member, Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project (congressionally-mandated), 1994-1996
• Steering Committee, Global Change Research Program, National Biological Service, 1994
• Research Ecologist, National Park Service, 1993 - 1996
• Program Peer Reviewer, Biospheric Feedbacks to Climatic Change, U.S. EPA, Corvallis, OR, 1990
• Research Ecologist, National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, CA, 1987-1993
• Research Fellow, Smithsonian Institution, Kenya, 1985 - 1986
• Planetary Biology Intern, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 1984
• Research Associate, University of California, Panama, 1983 - 1984

• Baron, J. S., C. D. Allen, E. Fleishman, L. Gunderson, D. McKenzie, L. Meyerson, J. Oropeza, and N. Stephenson. 2008. National Parks. Pages 4-1 to 4-68 in Preliminary Review of Adaptation Options for Climate-Sensitive Ecosystems and Resources. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research (S. H. Julius and J. M. West [editors]), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.[Book Chapter]
• Cole, D. N., L. Yung, E. S. Zavaleta, G. H. Aplet, F. S. Chapin III, D. M. Graber, E. S. Higgs, R. J. Hobbs, P. B. Landres, C. I. Millar, D. J. Parsons, J. M. Randall, N. L. Stephenson, K. A. Tonnessen, P. S. White, and S. Woodley. 2008. Naturalness and beyond: protected area stewardship in an era of global environmental change. George Wright Forum 25(1):36-56.[Journal Article]
• Das, A., J. Battles, P. J. van Mantgem, and N. L. Stephenson. 2008. Spatial elements of mortality risk in old-growth forests. Ecology 89:1744-1756[Journal Article]
• Das, A., J. Battles, N. L. Stephenson, and P. J. van Mantgem. 2007. The relationship between tree growth patterns and likelihood of mortality: a study of two tree species in the Sierra Nevada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37:580-597[Journal Article]
• Fites-Kaufman, J. A., P. Rundel, N. Stephenson, and D. A. Weixelman. 2007. Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges. Pages 456-501 in M. Barbour, T. Keeler-Wolf, and A. A. Schoenherr (eds.), Terrestrial Vegetation of California, 3rd edition. University of California Press.[Book Chapter]
• Millar, C. I., N. L. Stephenson, and S. L. Stephens. 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecological Applications 17:2145-2151.[Journal Article]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N. L. Stephenson. 2007. Apparent climatically-induced increase of tree mortality rates in a temperate forest. Ecology Letters 10:909-916.[Journal Article]
• Millar, C. I., H. F. Diaz, D. R. Cayan, M. D. Dettinger, D. B. Fagre, L. J. Graumlich, G. Greenwood, M. K. Hughes, D. L. Peterson, F. L. Powell, K. T. Redmond, N. L. Stephenson, T. W. Swetnam, and C. Woodhouse. 2006. Mapping New Terrain: Climate Change and America's West. Report of the Consortium for Integrated Climate Research in Western Mountains (CIRMOUNT). Misc. Pub., PSW-MISC-77, Albany, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest Service. 29 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N., D. Peterson, D. Fagre, C. Allen, D. McKenzie, J. Baron, and K. O’Brian. 2006. Response of western mountain ecosystems to climatic variability and change: the Western Mountain Initiative. Park Science 24(1):24-29.[Monograph]
• van Mantgem, P. J., N.L. Stephenson, and J.E. Keeley. 2006. Forest reproduction along a climatic gradient in the Sierra Nevada, California. Forest Ecology and Management 225:391-399.[Journal Article]
• van Mantgem, P.J., N.L. Stephenson, and J.E. Keeley. 2006. Variability of forest reproduction across elevation in the Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management 225:391-399.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2005. The National Park Service Mission in an era of rapid global changes: a dinosaur that must evolve or die? Abstracts, the George Wright Society Biennial Conference on Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 111.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L., and P. J. van Mantgem. 2005. Forest turnover rates follow global and regional patterns of productivity. Ecology Letters 8: 524-531.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L., Forest Turnover Rates and Forest Productivity Vary in Parallel (May 2005) [Publication Brief]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N.L. Stephenson. 2005. The accuracy of matrix population model projections for coniferous trees in the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Ecology 93: 737-747.[Journal Article]
• van Mantgem, P.J. and N.L. Stephenson. December 7, 2005. Forest changes following first and second entry burns: Twenty-one years of monitoring at Tharps Creek, Sequoia National Park, California. USGS Wildland Fire Science Workshop. Tucson, AZ.[Poster]
• van Mantgem, P.J., and N.L. Stephenson. 2005. Forest changes following first and second entry burns: Twenty-one years of monitoring at Tharps Creek, Sequoia National Park, California. USGS Wildland Fire Science Workshop. Tucson, AZ.[Poster]
• Coppock, R., S. Johnson, and 28 contributors. 2004. Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes: A Workshop Summary. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. 80 pages.[Technical Report]
• Peterson, D. L., C. Allen, J. Baron, D. Fagre, D. McKenzie, and N. Stephenson. 2004. The Western Mountain Initiative: A network of mountain protected areas for global change research. Abstracts, Mountain Climate Sciences Symposium, Kings Beach, California.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L., and P. J. van Mantgem. 2004. Dissecting the inverse relationship between tree growth rate and probability of death. Abstracts, annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, Oregon. pp. 486-487.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L., P. J. van Mantgem, J. E. Keeley, R. S. Anderson, L. J. Graumlich, M. K. Hughes, D. J. Parsons, T. W. Swetnam, D. L. Urban, and J. W. van Wagtendonk. 2004. Climatic change research in the Sierra Nevada: building the Western Mountain Initiative. Abstracts, Mountain Climate Sciences Symposium, Kings Beach, California.[Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N. L. Stephenson. 2004. The accuracy of matrix projection models for coniferous trees in the Sierra Nevada, California. Abstracts, annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Portland, Oregon. p. 518.[Presentation with Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N.L. Stephenson. 2004. Does coring contribute to tree mortality? Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34: 2394-2398.[Journal Article]
• van Mantgem, P. J., N.L. Stephenson, M.B. Keifer, and J.E. Keeley. 2004. Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on the demography of sugar pine. Ecological Applications 14: 1590-1602.[Journal Article]
• Van Mantgem, P.J., N.L. Stephenson, M.B. Keifer, and J.E. Keeley. 2004. Effects of an introduced pathogen and fire exclusion on demography of sugar pine. Ecological Applications 14:1590-1602.[Journal Article]
• 2003 van Mantgem, P. J., N.L. Stephenson, M.B. Keifer, and J.E. Keeley. The effects of white pine blister rust and fire exclusion on long-term demographic trends of sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada. Ecological Society of America annual meeting, Savannah, GA.[Presentation]
• 2003 van Mantgem, P. J., N.L. Stephenson, M.B. Keifer, and J.E. Keeley. The effects of white pine blister rust and fire exclusion on long-term demographic trends of sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada. Fourth North American Forest Ecology Workshop, Corvallis, OR.[Presentation]
• Scientific Advisory Board (J. N. Clarke, D. M. Graber, K. M. Nissen, D. D. Piirto, N. L. Stephenson, D. R. Tormey, and P. E. Waggoner). 2003. Advice for the Secretary of Agriculture about Management of the Giant Sequoia National Monument. USDA Forest Service; U.S. Government Printing Office document 2003-0-583-088/60013. 70 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2003. Mechanisms driving forest carbon dynamics: demography, growth, fire, and research needs. Abstracts, National Research Council Workshop on "Direct and Indirect Human Contributions to Terrestrial Greenhouse Gas Fluxes." Washington, D.C.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2003. Mountain climatic gradients as natural ecological experiments: results from the Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program. Abstracts, 20th Annual PACLIM Conference, Asilomar, California.[Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P. J., N. L. Stephenson, M. Keifer, and J. E. Keeley. 2003. White pine blister rust, fire and long-term demographic trends of sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada: a sticky mess? Abstracts, Fourth North American Forest Ecology Workshop, Corvallis, Oregon. p. 135.[Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P. J., N.L. Stephenson, M.B. Keifer, and J.E. Keeley. 2003. The effects of white pine blister rust and fire exclusion on long-term demographic trends of sugar pine in the Sierra Nevada. Ecological Society of America annual meeting, Savannah, GA.[Presentation with Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P., N. L. Stephenson, L. S. Mutch, V. G. Johnson, A. M. Esperanza, and D. J. Parsons. 2003. Growth rate predicts mortality of Abies concolor in both burned and unburned stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:1029-1038.[Journal Article]
• 2002 van Mantgem, P. J., and N.L. Stephenson. Searching for a general model of tree mortality in burned and unburned stands. Ecological Society of America annual meeting, Tucson, AZ.[Presentation]
• 2002 van Mantgem. P. J., M.B. Keifer, and N.L. Stephenson. The sugar pine dilemma: prescription burning, naturalness and the management of a declining tree species. California Association of Fire Ecologists annual meeting, San Diego, CA.[Presentation]
• Bueno, M. M., N. Stephenson, J. E. Keeley, and A. Pfaff. 2002. The southern Sierra repeat photography project: vegetation changes over the past 125 years. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10.[Poster]
• Knapp, E. E., J. E. Keeley, and N. L. Stephenson. 2002. Ecological impacts of season of prescribed fire in a Sierran mixed conifer forest. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10, 2002.[Poster]
• Knapp, E. E., J. E. Keeley, and N. L. Stephenson. 2002. Tree mortality following reintroduction of fire to an old growth mixed conifer forest. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 181.[Abstract]
• Menning, K. M., J. J. Battles, T. L. Benning, and N. L. Stephenson. 2002. Forest litter densities under different dominant tree species: a factor affecting ground fire spread. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10, 2002.[Poster]
• Stephenson, N. 2002. Sierra Nevada global change and fire research. People, Land, and Water (DOI news magazine) 8(10):18.[Popular Publication]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2002. The National Park Service mission and ecosystem impairment in an era of rapid global change. National Park Service, West by Northwest 2002 workshop: "Navigating the Future: Protecting and Sharing the Legacy." Seattle, WA. p. 37.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2002. The Story Continues. Closing chapter (pages 72-74) in R. J. Hartesveldt, H. T. Harvey, H. S. Shellhammer, and R. E. Stecker, "Giant Sequoias." Fourth printing with revisions. Sequoia Natural History Association, Three Rivers, CA.[Popular Publication]
• Stephenson, N. L., J. E. Keeley, J. W. van Wagtendonk, D. L. Urban, T. W. Swetnam, and L. J. Graumlich. 2002. The Sierra Nevada Global Change Research Program. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10, 2002.[Poster]
• Stephenson, N. L., P. J. van Mantgem, and P. E. Moore. 2002. Tree growth and death in the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10, 2002.[Poster]
• Stephenson, N., M. Keifer, and J. Manley. 2002. Restoring Western forests: fires, saws, or both? People, Land, and Water (DOI news magazine) 8(10):18.[Popular Publication]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N. L. Stephenson. 2002. Searching for a general model of tree death in burned and unburned stands. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 288.[Abstract]
• van Mantgem, P. J., and N. L. Stephenson. 2002. When life ain't so sweet: the decline of sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) in the Sierra Nevada. Sierra Nevada Science Symposium, Kings Beach, California, Oct. 8-10, 2002.[Poster]
• Manley, J., M. Keifer, N. Stephenson, and W. Kaage. 2001. Restoring fire to wilderness: Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Fire Management Today 61(2):24-28.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2001. Predicting vegetation change: how good are our assumptions? Abstracts, The Big Unknowns of Global Change, University of Georgia State-of-the-Art Conference and Workshop, p. 15.[Abstract]
• Keeley, J. E., and N. L. Stephenson. 2000. Restoring natural fire regimes to the Sierra Nevada in an era of global change. Pages 255-265 in Cole, D. N., S. F. McCool, W. T. Borrie, and J. O'Loughlin, compilers. Wilderness science in a time of change conference -- Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.[Proceedings]
• Keifer, M., N.L. Stephenson, and J. Manley. 2000. Prescribed fire as the minimum tool for wilderness forest and fire regime restoration: a case study from the Sierra Nevada, California. Pp. 266-269 in Cole, D.N., S.F. McCool, W.T. Borrie, and J. O'Loughlin, compilers. Wilderness science in a time of change conference -- Volume 5: Wilderness ecosystems, threats, and management; 1999 May 23-27; Missoula, MT. Procs. RMRS-P-15-VOL-5. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.[Proceedings]
• Menning, K. M., J. J. Battles, T. L. Benning, and N. L. Stephenson. 2000. Forest litter densities under different canopy species in the mixed conifer forest of the southern Sierra Nevada: another factor affecting ground fire spread? Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 159.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2000. Climate, vegetation, and considerations for restoration. Pages 195-210 in J. E. Keeley, M. Baer-Keeley, and C. J. Fotheringham (eds.), 2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development in California. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-62.[Proceedings]
• Stephenson, N. L. 2000. Estimated ages of some large giant sequoias: General Sherman keeps getting younger. Madroño 47:61-67.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L., and P. J. van Mantgem. 2000. Sierra Nevada forest dynamics: pattern, pace, and mechanisms of change. Annual report for fiscal year 1999. 28 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L., T. W. Swetnam, and T. T. Veblen. 2000. Altered disturbance regimes: fire, fuels, and forest structure. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 35.[Abstract]
• Urban, D. L., C. Miller, P. N. Halpin, and N. L. Stephenson. 2000. Forest gradient response in Sierran landscapes: the physical template. Landscape Ecology 15:603-620.[Journal Article]
• Menning, K. M., J. J. Battles, T. M. Benning, and N. L. Stephenson. 1999. Structural variability of a Sierra Nevadan forest analyzed in prelude to restoration by fire. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 107.[Abstract]
• Menning, K. M., T. L. Benning, J. J. Battles, and N. L. Stephenson. 1999. Variability in forest fire fuel loads across a montane valley with high variability in forest structure. Proceedings of the 5th World Congress of the International Association of Landscape Ecology, p. 148.[Abstract]
• Moore, C. M., N. L. Stephenson, V. G. Pile, A. M. Heard, J. E. Keeley, B. E. Johnson, and P. H. Whitmarsh. 1999. Long-term ecological research in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California. Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 284.[Poster]
• Nathan L. Stephenson. 1999. Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1999. Reference conditions for giant sequoia forest restoration: structure, process, and precision. Ecological Applications 9:1253-1265.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1998. Actual evapotranspiration and deficit: biologically meaningful correlates of vegetation distribution across spatial scales. Journal of Biogeography 25: 855-870.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L., L. S. Mutch, A. J. Das, V. G. Pile, C. I. DicKard, and P. E. Moore. 1998. Why do tree death rates decrease with elevation in the Sierra Nevada? Abstracts, Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, p. 219.[Abstract]
• Fullmer, D. G., R. R. Rogers, J. D. Manley, and N. L. Stephenson. 1996. Restoration as a component of ecosystem management for giant sequoia groves in California. Pp. 109-115 in D. L. Peterson and C. V. Klimas (eds.), The Role of Restoration in Ecosystem Management. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin.[Proceedings]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1996. Ecology and management of giant sequoia groves. Pp.1431-1467 in Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, vol. II, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, University of California, Davis.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1996. Ecology and management of giant sequoia groves.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L., and A. Demetry. 1995. Estimating ages of giant sequoias. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25:223-233.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1994. Effects of two millennia of changing climate and fire regimes on giant sequoia populations. Ecosystem Management and Restoration for the 21st Century. 21st annual Natural Areas Conference, Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, p. 63.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1994. Long-term dynamics of giant sequoia populations: implications for managing a pioneer species. Pp. 56-63 in P. S. Aune, ed. Proceedings of the Conference, Giant Sequoias: Their Place in the Ecosystem and Society. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Report PSW-GTR-151.[Proceedings]
• Parsons, D. J., N. L. Stephenson, D. M. Graber, and A. M. Esperanza. 1993. Understanding the effects of climatic change on the ecosystems of the Sierra Nevada. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 74:384-385.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L., and D. J. Parsons. 1993. A research program for predicting the effects of climatic change on the Sierra Nevada. Pp. 93-109 in S. D. Veirs, T. J. Stohlgren, and C. Schonewald-Cox (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Research in California's National Parks. USDI National Park Service Transactions and Proceedings Series 9.[Proceedings]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1992. What do "wet" and "dry" really mean to vegetation? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 73:355-356.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1991. Recent research on giant sequoia fire ecology: progress and implications. Abstracts, Fourth Biennial Conference of Research in California's National Parks, p. 26.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1991. Winter storm watch. Sequoia Bark 18:1.[Popular Publication]
• Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, and T. W. Swetnam. 1991. Restoring natural fire to the sequoia-mixed conifer forest: should intense fire play a role? Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 17:321-337.[Proceedings]
• Parsons, D. J., D. M. Graber, and N. L. Stephenson. 1990. Planning for global climate change research: an example from Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. George Wright Society Forum 6:1-9.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1990. Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance. American Naturalist 135:649-670.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, and H. T. Nichols. 1990. Replies from the fire gods. American Forests 96 (3&4):35,70.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L., D. J. Parsons, and T. W. Swetnam. 1990. Effects of fire history on forest structure in sequoia-mixed conifer forests. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 71:336.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1989. Sequoias, past and future. Sequoia Bark 16:1.[Popular Publication]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1988. Classification and description of the montane and subalpine forest and woodland communities of Sequoia National Park. Final contract report to the Sequoia Natural History Association. 43 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1988. Climatic control of vegetation distribution: the role of the water balance with examples from North America and Sequoia National Park, California. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 295 p.[Thesis/Dissertation]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1988. How to build a sequoia grove. George Wright Society Fifth Triennial Conference on Research in the National Parks and Equivalent Reserves, p. 32.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1988. Why do coniferous and deciduous forests grow where they do? Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 69:308.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1987. Use of tree aggregations in forest ecology and management. Environmental Management 11:1-5.[Journal Article]
• Peterson, D. L., W. E. Westman, N. L. Stephenson, V. G. Ambrosia, J. A. Brass, and M. A. Spanner. 1986. Analysis of forest structure using thematic mapper simulator data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-24:113-121.[Journal Article]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1985. Climate, snow accumulation, and melt in Sequoia National Park, California. Final contract report to the Sequoia Natural History Association. 56 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1984. Gradient analysis of forest and alpine vegetation in Sequoia National Park. Abstracts, Second Biennial Conference of Research in California's National Parks, p. 1.[Abstract]
• Stohlgren, T. J., N. L. Stephenson, D. J. Parsons, and P. W. Rundel. 1982. Using stem basal area to determine biomass and stand structure in chamise chaparral. Page 634 in C. E. Conrad and W. C. Oechel (tech. coords.), Proceedings of the Symposium on Dynamics and Management of Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems. USDA Forest Service, PSW Forest and Range Exp. Sta., Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58.[Proceedings]
• Kauper, D., N. Stephenson, and T. Warner. 1980. The effect of past management actions on the composition and structure of vegetation in the Grant Tree portion of Grant Grove, Kings Canyon National Park, California. Report to National Park Service, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. 95 pages.[Technical Report]
• Stephenson, N. L. 1979. Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in the lichen Letharia vulpina. Abstracts, Southern California Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting, p. 13.[Abstract]
• Stephenson, N. L., and P. W. Rundel. 1979. Quantitative variation and the ecological role of vulpinic acid and atranorin in the thallus of Letharia vulpina. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 7:263-267.[Journal Article]